![]() ![]() Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature.Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century) Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature.Masorah manuscripts Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century) The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition. ![]() Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ( "Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965. There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts. The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts. ![]() The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 17, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent. As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts. The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex). The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. ( Deuteronomy 17:18) Moreover, professional copyists produced so many manuscripts that by the first century C.E.Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3Ī Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). HOW THE BIBLE SURVIVED: Jewish law compelled every king to “write for himself in a book a copy of this Law,” the first five books of the Bible. Consequently, for ancient records, states the book Everyday Writing in the Graeco-Roman East, “survival is the exception rather than the rule.” If the Bible had thus decayed, its message would have died with it. Parchment is more durable than papyrus, but it too degrades if mishandled or exposed to extreme temperatures, humidity, or light. “When in storage, a roll can grow mould or rot with the damp and can be eaten by rodents or insects, particularly by white ants, when it is buried.” Some papyri, after their discovery, were exposed to excessive light or humidity, accelerating their deterioration. “A sheet can eventually decay into a skeleton of fibres and a handful of dust,” say Egyptologists Richard Parkinson and Stephen Quirke. Papyrus tears, discolors, and weakens easily. * ( 2 Timothy 4:13) How did those materials put the Bible’s survival in jeopardy? THE THREAT: Papyrus and parchment were the primary writing materials used by Bible writers and copyists. ![]()
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